Olympic Games
The Olympic Games, both summer and winter, are a wonderful opportunity to get the kids excited about sport, friendly competition, national pride and counting medals! And we've not long to wait now, with the next Summer Olympics starting on Friday 5th August and running through to Sunday 21st August, in Brazil. It will be the Games of the XXXI Olympiad. We can't wait!
An online student activity with corresponding lesson plans that provide a look into the Olympic Games, from its past in ancient Greece to the present-day international event
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Olympic Games.
Students gain an understanding of the Olympic Games by focusing on the current events aspect of the games.
Unit Plan:
The focus for students in this age group is to gain an understanding of the Olympic Games and focus on the current events aspect of the games. Students will be writing and presenting their material.
- Olympic Games.Students gain an understanding of the Olympic Games by focusing on the current events aspect of the games.Unit Plan:The focus for students in this age group is to gain an understanding of the Olympic Games and focus on the current events aspect of the games. Students will be writing and presenting their material.
Objective ---Students will:
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1. Use Web technology to learn about ancient Greece and the Olympic Games
2. Build vocabulary skills
3. Explore the history of the Olympic Games
4. Make connections between Greek and English
5. Make and record a persuasive speech
6. Write a newspaper article on the 2004 Olympics
- 1. Use Web technology to learn about ancient Greece and the Olympic Games2. Build vocabulary skills3. Explore the history of the Olympic Games4. Make connections between Greek and English5. Make and record a persuasive speech6. Write a newspaper article on the 2004 Olympics
Set Up and Prepare
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1. As you plan your lessons, you may wish to print out any reading assignment pages and staple them into a book for individual students.
2. Depending on time available, the grade level, and maturity level of each class, activities can be facilitated as independent work, collaborative group work, or whole class instruction. Teachers may use the guide to teach a complete unit or break the content into smaller learning components. Some suggestions are:
· Create a class Olympic Committee to listen and judge individual speeches.
· Create small groups of students to research the Olympics in different decades or different Olympic sports and present their findings to the class.
3. If a computer is available for each student, they can work on their own. Hand out the URLs or write them on the board so students will have a guide through the activity.
4. If you are working in a lab, set up the computers to be on the desired Web site as students walk into class. If there are fewer computers than students, group the students by reading level. Assign each student a role: a "driver" who navigates the web, a timer who keeps the group on task, and a note taker. If there are more than three students per computer, you can add roles like a team leader, a team reporter, etc.
5. If you are working in a learning station in your classroom, break out your class into different groups. Have rotating groups working on the computer(s), reading printed background information, prewriting their speech or newspaper article, researching and writing about the Olympics.
- 1. As you plan your lessons, you may wish to print out any reading assignment pages and staple them into a book for individual students.2. Depending on time available, the grade level, and maturity level of each class, activities can be facilitated as independent work, collaborative group work, or whole class instruction. Teachers may use the guide to teach a complete unit or break the content into smaller learning components. Some suggestions are:· Create a class Olympic Committee to listen and judge individual speeches.· Create small groups of students to research the Olympics in different decades or different Olympic sports and present their findings to the class.3. If a computer is available for each student, they can work on their own. Hand out the URLs or write them on the board so students will have a guide through the activity.4. If you are working in a lab, set up the computers to be on the desired Web site as students walk into class. If there are fewer computers than students, group the students by reading level. Assign each student a role: a "driver" who navigates the web, a timer who keeps the group on task, and a note taker. If there are more than three students per computer, you can add roles like a team leader, a team reporter, etc.5. If you are working in a learning station in your classroom, break out your class into different groups. Have rotating groups working on the computer(s), reading printed background information, prewriting their speech or newspaper article, researching and writing about the Olympics.
Directions
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Background (1 day)
Hold a class discussion on the upcoming Olympic Games. Ask students if they remember the last Olympics. Prompt students to talk about why the games are held, and the spirit of international cooperation that the games are meant to foster. At the end of the discussion, tell students that they are going to look at the history of the Olympics in order to know more about the present day Olympics especially when they watch them on TV in August.
Discussion questions may include:
· What do you see as some of the differences between the theme and spirit of the Ancient Olympics and the modern Olympics?
· Why are the Olympics important to the world?
· Are the Olympics important to you?
· If you were on the International Olympic Committee, what arguments would persuade you to choose a specific location for the next Olympics?
· What are some of the themes you see in current events stories about the Olympics today?
History of the Games
Either hand out printouts of the background article on the Olympic Games or direct students, in groups of two or three, to the computers where the article is already loaded. Once they have read through the articles, students should raise their hands in order to receive the Organizer Pattern: Timeline (PDF). Once they have the handout, students should go through the Olympics in Photos activity. As they click through the photos, students should fill out their timelines with appropriate details.
If there is time at the end of the class, have students return to talk about what they learned. Did they find any facts that surprised them? What were they and why were they surprised. Looking at their filled out timelines, do students want to make any guesses as to what kind of historic events could happen in this upcoming Olympics?
Have students hand in their filled out timelines for teacher assessment.
Note
Depending on the time available, you may want to choose either the "In My Backyard" or the "Olympics in the News" activity. Alternately, you can have students choose one of these activities to complete. If different groups of students complete different activities, you may want to set up some time
In My Backyard (1-3 days)
Print out the article "How Olympic Locations are Chosen" for students to read as homework. The next day, hold a class discussion. Now that students have an idea of what past Olympic Games were like, ask students if it makes sense for a city to host the Olympics. On the board, write the pros and cons to hosting the Olympics. Then, ask students if they would want the Olympics to come to their hometown. What would they like about it? How could it help their city or town? Add these comments to the board.
Direct students to the Writing with Writers: Speechwriting activity and tell them that they will be writing and presenting persuasive speeches that will convince the International Olympic Committee to bring the Olympics to their hometown. If there is more class time for the project, have students complete the activity the following day. Or, these final steps should be done as homework. Some class time should be devoted for practice with one another before recording their speech. Check back within a month to see if your speeches were published online!
Extend This Lesson
Ask for volunteer students to present their speech to the class. As each student presents their speech, tell the rest of the class that they are acting as the International Olympic Committee. The Committee members should judge each speech on clarity and whether it addresses each of the important needs pointed out in the "How Olympic Locations are Chosen" article.
Olympics in the News and Be a Reporter (1-3 days)
Tell students that they are going to be reporters on the scene at the Olympics. As reporters, they must read what other reporters are reporting on the games and then write their own newspaper article, and they will do this with Scholastic News online.
Direct students to the Scholastic News special report on the Olympics and hand each student a printed copy of the 5 Ws (PDF). Either pick a topic for them to explore (a specific event, an athlete, Greece, etc.) or have them pick a topic on their own. They should fill out the 5 Ws organizer as they explore and read different articles. Give them the rest of the class period, and have them hand the filled organizers for teacher assessment.
On the second day, have the Be a Reporter game loaded on the computer and hand back the completed 5 Ws graphic organizers. Instruct students to follow the steps in the activity, write the best newspaper article they can, and print out the results. Before printing the article, students should highlight the entire article, photo and caption, copy everything and paste into a word document. Save the World document, print the article and switch their article with a peer. For homework, students should read through their peer's printed article, writing notes on the printout.
On the third day, students should hand back their edited articles, and students should go through the steps of the Be a Reporter game, using their saved Word document and completing a final draft. This final version should be printed and handed in along with the original draft for a final grade.
Get in the Game (1-2 days)
As a wrap-up, cross-curricular activity for the Olympics, have students play the "It's Greek to Me" activity.
Regroup the students and ask them what clues they have gathered on how the ancient Greeks have influenced the Olympic Games and our modern society. Ask them about the themes of the games, the politics of the ancient Greeks, and the actual sports themselves.
Explain to the students that the Greeks also influenced the English language and they are going to find out through the "It's Greek to Me" activity. If a computer is available for each student, students should play the game individually. If students are paired to a computer, have one student as the driver and one student as the decision maker and reverse these roles halfway through the class. Alternately, if fewer computers are available, print a study list (PDF) for students to review as other students test their knowledge. Encourage students to play the game often enough to receive a medal which they can print out and put on a bulletin board.
· -------Students read a wide range of print and non-print texts to build an understanding of texts, of themselves, and of the cultures of the United States.
· Students conduct research on issues and interests by generating ideas and questions.
· Students use a variety of technological informational resources (libraries, databases, computer networks) to gather and synthesize information to create and communicate knowledge.
· Students participate as knowledgeable, reflective, creative, and critical members of a variety of literacy communities.
· Students use spoken, written, and visual language for learning, persuasion, and exchange of information.
the content and activities of this project are especially appropriate for the themes of:
Power, Authority and Governance
Provide experiences for the study of how people create and change structures of power, authority, and governance.
Individual Development and Identity
Students learn to ask questions such as "What influences how people learn, perceive, and grow?"
Culture
Students learn how to understand multiple perspectives that derive from different cultural vantage points.
Individuals, Groups, and Institutions
Students learn about how institutions are formed, what controls and influences them, and how they can influence individuals and culture.
Civic Ideals and Practices
Students gain an understanding of the ideals, principles, and practices of citizenship in a democratic republic.
- Background (1 day)
Hold a class discussion on the upcoming Olympic Games. Ask students if they remember the last Olympics. Prompt students to talk about why the games are held, and the spirit of international cooperation that the games are meant to foster. At the end of the discussion, tell students that they are going to look at the history of the Olympics in order to know more about the present day Olympics especially when they watch them on TV in August.Discussion questions may include:· What do you see as some of the differences between the theme and spirit of the Ancient Olympics and the modern Olympics?· Why are the Olympics important to the world?· Are the Olympics important to you?· If you were on the International Olympic Committee, what arguments would persuade you to choose a specific location for the next Olympics?· What are some of the themes you see in current events stories about the Olympics today?History of the Games
Either hand out printouts of the background article on the Olympic Games or direct students, in groups of two or three, to the computers where the article is already loaded. Once they have read through the articles, students should raise their hands in order to receive the Organizer Pattern: Timeline (PDF). Once they have the handout, students should go through the Olympics in Photos activity. As they click through the photos, students should fill out their timelines with appropriate details.If there is time at the end of the class, have students return to talk about what they learned. Did they find any facts that surprised them? What were they and why were they surprised. Looking at their filled out timelines, do students want to make any guesses as to what kind of historic events could happen in this upcoming Olympics?Have students hand in their filled out timelines for teacher assessment.Note
Depending on the time available, you may want to choose either the "In My Backyard" or the "Olympics in the News" activity. Alternately, you can have students choose one of these activities to complete. If different groups of students complete different activities, you may want to set up some timeIn My Backyard (1-3 days)
Print out the article "How Olympic Locations are Chosen" for students to read as homework. The next day, hold a class discussion. Now that students have an idea of what past Olympic Games were like, ask students if it makes sense for a city to host the Olympics. On the board, write the pros and cons to hosting the Olympics. Then, ask students if they would want the Olympics to come to their hometown. What would they like about it? How could it help their city or town? Add these comments to the board.Direct students to the Writing with Writers: Speechwriting activity and tell them that they will be writing and presenting persuasive speeches that will convince the International Olympic Committee to bring the Olympics to their hometown. If there is more class time for the project, have students complete the activity the following day. Or, these final steps should be done as homework. Some class time should be devoted for practice with one another before recording their speech. Check back within a month to see if your speeches were published online!Extend This Lesson
Ask for volunteer students to present their speech to the class. As each student presents their speech, tell the rest of the class that they are acting as the International Olympic Committee. The Committee members should judge each speech on clarity and whether it addresses each of the important needs pointed out in the "How Olympic Locations are Chosen" article.Olympics in the News and Be a Reporter (1-3 days)
Tell students that they are going to be reporters on the scene at the Olympics. As reporters, they must read what other reporters are reporting on the games and then write their own newspaper article, and they will do this with Scholastic News online.Direct students to the Scholastic News special report on the Olympics and hand each student a printed copy of the 5 Ws (PDF). Either pick a topic for them to explore (a specific event, an athlete, Greece, etc.) or have them pick a topic on their own. They should fill out the 5 Ws organizer as they explore and read different articles. Give them the rest of the class period, and have them hand the filled organizers for teacher assessment.On the second day, have the Be a Reporter game loaded on the computer and hand back the completed 5 Ws graphic organizers. Instruct students to follow the steps in the activity, write the best newspaper article they can, and print out the results. Before printing the article, students should highlight the entire article, photo and caption, copy everything and paste into a word document. Save the World document, print the article and switch their article with a peer. For homework, students should read through their peer's printed article, writing notes on the printout.On the third day, students should hand back their edited articles, and students should go through the steps of the Be a Reporter game, using their saved Word document and completing a final draft. This final version should be printed and handed in along with the original draft for a final grade.Get in the Game (1-2 days)
As a wrap-up, cross-curricular activity for the Olympics, have students play the "It's Greek to Me" activity.Regroup the students and ask them what clues they have gathered on how the ancient Greeks have influenced the Olympic Games and our modern society. Ask them about the themes of the games, the politics of the ancient Greeks, and the actual sports themselves.Explain to the students that the Greeks also influenced the English language and they are going to find out through the "It's Greek to Me" activity. If a computer is available for each student, students should play the game individually. If students are paired to a computer, have one student as the driver and one student as the decision maker and reverse these roles halfway through the class. Alternately, if fewer computers are available, print a study list (PDF) for students to review as other students test their knowledge. Encourage students to play the game often enough to receive a medal which they can print out and put on a bulletin board.· -------Students read a wide range of print and non-print texts to build an understanding of texts, of themselves, and of the cultures of the United States.· Students conduct research on issues and interests by generating ideas and questions.· Students use a variety of technological informational resources (libraries, databases, computer networks) to gather and synthesize information to create and communicate knowledge.· Students participate as knowledgeable, reflective, creative, and critical members of a variety of literacy communities.· Students use spoken, written, and visual language for learning, persuasion, and exchange of information.the content and activities of this project are especially appropriate for the themes of:Power, Authority and Governance
Provide experiences for the study of how people create and change structures of power, authority, and governance.Individual Development and Identity
Students learn to ask questions such as "What influences how people learn, perceive, and grow?"Culture
Students learn how to understand multiple perspectives that derive from different cultural vantage points.Individuals, Groups, and Institutions
Students learn about how institutions are formed, what controls and influences them, and how they can influence individuals and culture.Civic Ideals and Practices
Students gain an understanding of the ideals, principles, and practices of citizenship in a democratic republic.
Lesson Extensions
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Ask for volunteer students to present their speech to the class. As each student presents their speech, tell the rest of the class that they are acting as the International Olympic Committee. The Committee members should judge each speech on clarity and whether it addresses each of the important needs pointed out in the "How Olympic Locations are Chosen" article.
- Ask for volunteer students to present their speech to the class. As each student presents their speech, tell the rest of the class that they are acting as the International Olympic Committee. The Committee members should judge each speech on clarity and whether it addresses each of the important needs pointed out in the "How Olympic Locations are Chosen" article.
Formal Assessment
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For It's Greek to Me:
The "It's Greek to Me" activity can be graded based on scores and improvement. Students can track how many times they played the game and number the printouts for the games where they win a medal. Check for improvement and retention. You can create a multiple choice quiz of your own through the Teacher Toolkit to reinforce the vocabulary words and spelling.
For In My Backyard:
The persuasive speech should be graded on content as well as delivery. Students should write clearly organized, well through out speeches, and they should practice these speeches with peers or the teacher for evaluation on delivery. Make sure you listen to the speech at some point in case a speech is not selected for publication. See persuasive speech rubric below.
For: Newspaper Article
Students in grades 3-5 will be writing a newspaper article based on the current events of the Olympic Games. They will focus on one topic which should be graded based on the rubric below.
- For It's Greek to Me:
The "It's Greek to Me" activity can be graded based on scores and improvement. Students can track how many times they played the game and number the printouts for the games where they win a medal. Check for improvement and retention. You can create a multiple choice quiz of your own through the Teacher Toolkit to reinforce the vocabulary words and spelling.For In My Backyard:
The persuasive speech should be graded on content as well as delivery. Students should write clearly organized, well through out speeches, and they should practice these speeches with peers or the teacher for evaluation on delivery. Make sure you listen to the speech at some point in case a speech is not selected for publication. See persuasive speech rubric below.For: Newspaper Article
Students in grades 3-5 will be writing a newspaper article based on the current events of the Olympic Games. They will focus on one topic which should be graded based on the rubric below.
Informal Assessment
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Assess students as they are involved with class discussions and from their filled out KWL and Timeline (PDF) organizers. Base your assessment on student participation and discussion. Has the student made connections through the activities and the discussions? Has the student filled out the timeline completely and the KWL chart with thoughtful questions with researched answers?
- Assess students as they are involved with class discussions and from their filled out KWL and Timeline (PDF) organizers. Base your assessment on student participation and discussion. Has the student made connections through the activities and the discussions? Has the student filled out the timeline completely and the KWL chart with thoughtful questions with researched answers?
Reproducibles
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Subjects:
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Social Studies, Cooperation and Teamwork, Content Area Reading, Journalism, Public Speaking, Research Skills, Persuasive Writing, Olympics, Countries, Continents, Regions, Ancient Civilizations, Geography and Map Skills, International Relations, Exercise and Fitness, Travel and Vacations, Educational Standards, Communication and the Internet
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Skills:
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Maps, Online Sources, Social Studies, Timelines, Public Speaking, Research Skills, Persuasive Writing
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Origin and History of the Olympic Games
From Grolier Online’s New Book of Knowledge
The Rise of the Games
The Olympic Games originated long ago in ancient Greece. Exactly when the Games were first held and what circumstances led to their creation is uncertain. We do know, however, that the Games were a direct outgrowth of the values and beliefs of Greek society. The Greeks idealized physical fitness and mental discipline, and they believed that excellence in those areas honored Zeus, the greatest of all their gods.
One legend about the origin of the Olympic Games revolves around Zeus. It was said Zeus once fought his father, Kronos, for control of the world. They battled atop a mountain that overlooked a valley in southwestern Greece. After Zeus defeated his father, a temple and immense statue were built in the valley below to honor him. This valley was called Olympia, and soon religious festivals developed there as people came to worship Zeus and to approach as nearly as possible his great strength. It is believed that these religious festivals eventually led to the famed Games of the Olympics.
Although we do not know just when the Games were first played, the earliest recorded Olympic competition occurred in 776 B.C. It had only one event, the one-stade (approximately 630-foot or 192-meter) race, which was won by a cook named Coroebus. This was the start of the first Olympiad, the four-year period by which the Greeks recorded their history.
Athletic competition became so important to the Greeks that the Olympic festivals were a peaceful influence on the warlike city-states. Sparta was famous for the strict military training of its citizens. But it would wait until the Games were over before sending fighters into battle. Other cities followed this example.
For the first 13 Olympic Games, the only event was the one-stade run. But over the years, new sports were added to the Games. The hoplitodrome, for instance, was a footrace the athletes ran wearing full armor. The pentathlon, in which the athletes competed in five events (jumping, javelin, sprint, discus, and wrestling) was added to the Games in 708 B.C. The pancration was introduced in 648 B.C. This brutal sport had no rules and combined boxing and wrestling. A winner was named only when one man raised his hand in defeat or lay unconscious on the ground.
In addition to the pre-existing religious shrines and altars, a vast complex of buildings and structures was constructed at Olympia to accommodate the growing number of sports and athletes. Chariot races, first run in 680 B.C. , were held in the hippodrome. Boxers and wrestlers trained in the Palaestra, which was adjacent to the gymnasium. The Leonidaion housed the athletes.
Generally, only freeborn men and boys could take part in the Olympic Games (servants and slaves were allowed to participate only in the horse races). Women were forbidden, on penalty of death, even to see the Games. In 396 B.C. , however, a woman from Rhodes successfully defied the death penalty. When her husband died, she continued the training of their son, a boxer. She attended the Games disguised as a man and was not recognized until she shouted with joy over her son's victory. Her life was spared because of the special circumstances and the fact that her father and brothers had been Olympians.
At first, the Games were strictly for Greek citizens. Eventually, however, athletes from all over the Roman Empire (which covered the entire Mediterranean region) were permitted to participate.
All athletes were required to take an oath that they would observe all the rules and standards. In spite of the luxurious facilities offered to athletes, all had to remain amateurs. That is, they had to pay their own expenses, and they could receive no monetary awards.
Winners of the Games were crowned with wreaths of olive leaves and hailed as heroes. They were showered with material gifts, and sometimes a special entrance was cut in the wall surrounding their home city just for them to pass through — a symbol that the people of the city felt well protected with an Olympic champion living among them.
Perhaps the greatest athlete of the ancient Games was Milo of Croton, a wrestler who lived in the 500's B.C. He won the wrestling crown six times, and he was said to be so powerful that he could carry a full-grown bull on his shoulders.
The ancient Olympic Games also honored, and inspired, artists. The poet Pindar wrote many odes in praise of the Games' winners. The Olympic buildings were prime examples of the beauty of Greek architecture, and the remains of Zeus' great statue bear the signature of the famous Athenian sculptor and architect Phidias. Like the athletic champions, artistic champions were awarded olive wreaths and great acclaim.
The Decline of the Games
After Rome conquered Greece in the 100's B.C. , Olympic standards began to decline. Competition for the common good was ignored by the glory hunters, who were willing to use any trick or deceit to win. For instance, in A.D. 67 the emperor Nero brought his own cheering section and competed in events himself. Even though he fell from his chariot during the race, he was named the champion. In A.D. 394 the Roman emperor Theodosius I, a Christian who considered the Games a pagan festival, ordered them stopped.
Olympia then began to crumble. The great statue of Zeus was taken away to Constantinople, where it was destroyed in a fire. In 426, Roman emperor Theodosius II ordered all the temples destroyed. Earthquakes later helped finish what human hands had started, as well as flooding caused by a change in the course of the river that flowed through Olympia. The once-great city was eventually buried.
In 1829, German archaeologists began uncovering Olympia. Today, the site of the ancient Olympic Games is only a shadow of its former glory. Many of the building foundations remain, but few walls and pillars still stand, and the stadium where footraces were held long ago is now just a broad stretch of barren ground.
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Name: Fill in each row with details that answer the question. What happened? Who was there? Why did it happen? When did it happen? Where did it happen? Five W’s Chart
Greek roots:
A-, An- means without in Greek
Aero- means air, mist or wind in Greek
An- means without or absence of in Greek
Andro-means man or male in Greek
Ant-, Anti- means opposite in Greek
Anthrop- means human in Greek
Auto- means self or same in Greek
Bio- means life or living in Greek
-Chron- means time in Greek
Crit- to judge or a decision in Greek
Cryo- means freezing cold in Greek
Crypt- means hidden or secret in Greek
Demo- means people in Greek
Dogm- means belief or opinion in Greek
Dys- means abnormal, difficult, or bad in Greek
Eco- means home, resources, or environment in Greek
Geo- means Earth in Greek
Gero-,Geri- means old age or old people in Greek
Gram- means written word in Greek
Graph- to write, record, or draw in Greek
Gymn- means bare or uncovered in Greek
Hetero- means other or different in Greek.
Horo- means hour, time, or season in Greek
Hyper- means excessive in Greek
Logo- means reason in Greek
-Mania- means mental disorder in Greek
Meteoro- means high up in the air in Greek
Metro- means mother in Greek
Micro- means small in Greek
Mis- means hatred of or disgust of in Greek
Mono- means one, single, or alone in Greek
Mythic- means imaginary story in Greek
Narco- means numbness or sleep in Greek
-Nosis means disease or sickness in Greek
-Onym or –Onymous means name or word in Greek
Organ- means body part, instrument, or tool in Greek
Pan- means all, every, or entire in Greek
Path- or –Pathy means feeling or sensation in Greek
Pedi- means child in Greek
Philo-, -Phil means have a strong love for in Greek
-Phobia means fear in Greek
Phon- or – Phony means sound in Greek
Photo- means light in Greek
Poly- means many in Greek
Sauro- or –Saur means reptile in Greek
Techno- means art or skill in Greek
Tele- means far off in Greek
Theo- or -theism means god in Greek
Thermo- means heat in Greek
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·Subjects:·Social Studies, Cooperation and Teamwork, Content Area Reading, Journalism, Public Speaking, Research Skills, Persuasive Writing, Olympics, Countries, Continents, Regions, Ancient Civilizations, Geography and Map Skills, International Relations, Exercise and Fitness, Travel and Vacations, Educational Standards, Communication and the Internet··Skills:·Maps, Online Sources, Social Studies, Timelines, Public Speaking, Research Skills, Persuasive Writing··Origin and History of the Olympic Games
From Grolier Online’s New Book of KnowledgeThe Rise of the Games
The Olympic Games originated long ago in ancient Greece. Exactly when the Games were first held and what circumstances led to their creation is uncertain. We do know, however, that the Games were a direct outgrowth of the values and beliefs of Greek society. The Greeks idealized physical fitness and mental discipline, and they believed that excellence in those areas honored Zeus, the greatest of all their gods.One legend about the origin of the Olympic Games revolves around Zeus. It was said Zeus once fought his father, Kronos, for control of the world. They battled atop a mountain that overlooked a valley in southwestern Greece. After Zeus defeated his father, a temple and immense statue were built in the valley below to honor him. This valley was called Olympia, and soon religious festivals developed there as people came to worship Zeus and to approach as nearly as possible his great strength. It is believed that these religious festivals eventually led to the famed Games of the Olympics.Although we do not know just when the Games were first played, the earliest recorded Olympic competition occurred in 776 B.C. It had only one event, the one-stade (approximately 630-foot or 192-meter) race, which was won by a cook named Coroebus. This was the start of the first Olympiad, the four-year period by which the Greeks recorded their history.Athletic competition became so important to the Greeks that the Olympic festivals were a peaceful influence on the warlike city-states. Sparta was famous for the strict military training of its citizens. But it would wait until the Games were over before sending fighters into battle. Other cities followed this example.For the first 13 Olympic Games, the only event was the one-stade run. But over the years, new sports were added to the Games. The hoplitodrome, for instance, was a footrace the athletes ran wearing full armor. The pentathlon, in which the athletes competed in five events (jumping, javelin, sprint, discus, and wrestling) was added to the Games in 708 B.C. The pancration was introduced in 648 B.C. This brutal sport had no rules and combined boxing and wrestling. A winner was named only when one man raised his hand in defeat or lay unconscious on the ground.In addition to the pre-existing religious shrines and altars, a vast complex of buildings and structures was constructed at Olympia to accommodate the growing number of sports and athletes. Chariot races, first run in 680 B.C. , were held in the hippodrome. Boxers and wrestlers trained in the Palaestra, which was adjacent to the gymnasium. The Leonidaion housed the athletes.Generally, only freeborn men and boys could take part in the Olympic Games (servants and slaves were allowed to participate only in the horse races). Women were forbidden, on penalty of death, even to see the Games. In 396 B.C. , however, a woman from Rhodes successfully defied the death penalty. When her husband died, she continued the training of their son, a boxer. She attended the Games disguised as a man and was not recognized until she shouted with joy over her son's victory. Her life was spared because of the special circumstances and the fact that her father and brothers had been Olympians.At first, the Games were strictly for Greek citizens. Eventually, however, athletes from all over the Roman Empire (which covered the entire Mediterranean region) were permitted to participate.All athletes were required to take an oath that they would observe all the rules and standards. In spite of the luxurious facilities offered to athletes, all had to remain amateurs. That is, they had to pay their own expenses, and they could receive no monetary awards.Winners of the Games were crowned with wreaths of olive leaves and hailed as heroes. They were showered with material gifts, and sometimes a special entrance was cut in the wall surrounding their home city just for them to pass through — a symbol that the people of the city felt well protected with an Olympic champion living among them.Perhaps the greatest athlete of the ancient Games was Milo of Croton, a wrestler who lived in the 500's B.C. He won the wrestling crown six times, and he was said to be so powerful that he could carry a full-grown bull on his shoulders.The ancient Olympic Games also honored, and inspired, artists. The poet Pindar wrote many odes in praise of the Games' winners. The Olympic buildings were prime examples of the beauty of Greek architecture, and the remains of Zeus' great statue bear the signature of the famous Athenian sculptor and architect Phidias. Like the athletic champions, artistic champions were awarded olive wreaths and great acclaim.The Decline of the Games
After Rome conquered Greece in the 100's B.C. , Olympic standards began to decline. Competition for the common good was ignored by the glory hunters, who were willing to use any trick or deceit to win. For instance, in A.D. 67 the emperor Nero brought his own cheering section and competed in events himself. Even though he fell from his chariot during the race, he was named the champion. In A.D. 394 the Roman emperor Theodosius I, a Christian who considered the Games a pagan festival, ordered them stopped.Olympia then began to crumble. The great statue of Zeus was taken away to Constantinople, where it was destroyed in a fire. In 426, Roman emperor Theodosius II ordered all the temples destroyed. Earthquakes later helped finish what human hands had started, as well as flooding caused by a change in the course of the river that flowed through Olympia. The once-great city was eventually buried.In 1829, German archaeologists began uncovering Olympia. Today, the site of the ancient Olympic Games is only a shadow of its former glory. Many of the building foundations remain, but few walls and pillars still stand, and the stadium where footraces were held long ago is now just a broad stretch of barren ground._______________________-------------------------Name: Fill in each row with details that answer the question. What happened? Who was there? Why did it happen? When did it happen? Where did it happen? Five W’s ChartGreek roots:A-, An- means without in GreekAero- means air, mist or wind in GreekAn- means without or absence of in GreekAndro-means man or male in GreekAnt-, Anti- means opposite in GreekAnthrop- means human in GreekAuto- means self or same in GreekBio- means life or living in Greek-Chron- means time in GreekCrit- to judge or a decision in GreekCryo- means freezing cold in GreekCrypt- means hidden or secret in GreekDemo- means people in GreekDogm- means belief or opinion in GreekDys- means abnormal, difficult, or bad in GreekEco- means home, resources, or environment in GreekGeo- means Earth in GreekGero-,Geri- means old age or old people in GreekGram- means written word in GreekGraph- to write, record, or draw in GreekGymn- means bare or uncovered in GreekHetero- means other or different in Greek.Horo- means hour, time, or season in GreekHyper- means excessive in GreekLogo- means reason in Greek-Mania- means mental disorder in GreekMeteoro- means high up in the air in GreekMetro- means mother in GreekMicro- means small in GreekMis- means hatred of or disgust of in GreekMono- means one, single, or alone in GreekMythic- means imaginary story in GreekNarco- means numbness or sleep in Greek-Nosis means disease or sickness in Greek-Onym or –Onymous means name or word in GreekOrgan- means body part, instrument, or tool in GreekPan- means all, every, or entire in GreekPath- or –Pathy means feeling or sensation in GreekPedi- means child in GreekPhilo-, -Phil means have a strong love for in Greek-Phobia means fear in GreekPhon- or – Phony means sound in GreekPhoto- means light in GreekPoly- means many in GreekSauro- or –Saur means reptile in GreekTechno- means art or skill in GreekTele- means far off in GreekTheo- or -theism means god in GreekThermo- means heat in Greek
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